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Laboratory Manual For Introductory Geology.Ludman Answer Key.Rarl Geology, in general, is the study of the Earth and its phenomena in space and time. The aim of geology is to understand how living things are created, how life changes over long periods of time, and how Earth’s surface has evolved to represent these larger changes in order to learn more about our past. A key factor in understanding the Earth is to understand how it evolved from a simple material to a highly complex system. As a science, geology generally refers to the study of rocks, minerals and fossils. Geology can be divided into several branches. The oldest branch, dating back hundreds of millions of years, is sedimentology. Sedimentology involves the study of rocks that have been deposited by water or wind-over long periods of time. In much modern sedimentology much effort is being put into determining where the source area for rock deposits came from and how large these sources were when they were active depositional areas. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in our knowledge of sedimentology. From the early 1980s up to the present day, technology has allowed for a huge increase in the study of ocean-floor sediments for a variety of reasons. An example is in 2002 when a team of scientists from France and Canada were able to detect evidence in the ocean floor sediment cores that pointed to an asteroid impact on Earth 66 million years ago. Another branch is stratigraphy, which involves identification and interpretation of rock layers. The study of sedimentary rocks by geologists is called stratigraphy and relies heavily on principles derived from both physics and mathematics to interpret Earth history. Stratigraphy takes advantage of the fact that sedimentary rocks are nearly always preserved in layers. Knowledge about these layers helps scientists learn more about Earth’s history and how life has evolved over time. For example, the study of sedimentary rocks helped scientists recognize that life on Earth originated in ancient oceans. A third branch is structural geology, which involves the study of the three dimensional structures that are formed by natural processes on earth's surface. Structures can include many things but are typically composed of rock formations that have been changed by heat or stress to create folds or faults or have been altered by pressure or heat to create metamorphic rock. Structural geology is an interdisciplinary science that draws from organic and inorganic materials, computer modeling, and other scientific disciplines. Another cross-disciplinary application of geology is groundwater hydrology, which focuses on understanding how water moves in the subsurface ground in order to understand the movement of water in a surface region. The components of groundwater systems can be grouped into three different categories: flow, transport and storage. Flow refers to the movement of water through a system while transport refers to how one component moves fluid through a system while storage refers to how water is stored or not moved through a system. All three components work together in shaping groundwater systems and help understand the hydrological cycle on Earth. cfa1e77820
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